Mobile app install fraud is a growing issue for many, and especially for Asia-Pacific and Middle Eastern countries that top the list for highest click fraud.

Research from Apsalar, an omnichannel data management platform, looked at the top 10 countries that have the highest and lowest click fraud index. Hong Kong has the highest mobile app install fraud rate, 5.64 times the world average, followed by the Netherlands and Kuwait. This was based on a global rate of 3.13 fraudulent and unexplained clicks per deliberate click leading to a mobile app install.

In addition to Hong Kong, other Asia-Pacific countries are also dealing with a high click fraud index, including Malaysia, India, Thailand and Vietnam. And the Middle East is in the same boat: Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates also suffer from click fraud.

While many Asia-Pacific countries have among the highest click fraud rates, nearby Japan has the lowest. Germany, France, Italy and Norway also have click fraud indexes among the world’s lowest.

Apsalar conducted a similar study earlier this year, between January and May. The research also explored the top 10 countries that had the highest and lowest app install click fraud rate, but it was based on a global rate of 2.57 fraudulent and unexplained clicks per deliberate click leading to a mobile app install.

Like its Q3 2015 data showed, Hong Kong also had the highest click fraud index in May 2015. India, Kuwait, Malaysia, Vietnam and Saudi Arabia also topped the highest click fraud index back then.

Similarly, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Spain, New Zealand and Norway also had the lowest click fraud index in May 2015.